![]() A heating element is also included for further heating air flowing from the heat pump toward the drum.ĭesign Aspects of Commerical Open-Loop Heat Pump Systems A heat pump is also included for actively transferring heat from air flowing from the passive heat exchanger toward the exhaust outlet to air flowing from the passive heat exchanger toward the drum. A passive heat exchanger is included for passively transferring heat from air flowing from the drum toward the exhaust outlet to air flowing from the ambient air inlet toward the drum. The general design procedure is reviewed, identification of optimum groundwater flow, heat exchanger selection guidelines, well pump control, disposal options, well spacing, piping connections and related issues.Ī drying apparatus is disclosed that includes a drum and an open-loop airflow pathway originating at an ambient air inlet, passing through the drum, and terminating at an exhaust outlet. Due to its greater potential application, this paper reviews key design aspects of the indirect approach. Standing column systems are employed in hard rock geology sites where it is not possible to produce sufficient water for a conventional system. Direct systems are typically limited to the smallest applications. Common design variations include direct (groundwater used directly in the heat pump units), indirect (building loop isolated with a plate heat exchanger), and standing column (water produced and returned to the same well). Open loop (or groundwater heat pump systems are the oldest of the ground-source systems. Design aspects of commercial open-loop heat pump systemsĮnergy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
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